Romeo and Juliet Costumes Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet Costumes Paper I picked this scene for my Costumes because I believe it was the main stepping stone for the rest of the story It pretty much determined the rest of their fate in the whole movie. For Romeo I chose to make Just a plain shirt because what he wore always looked simple but put together. I also dressed him In a pair of tights for the bottoms. For Juliet costume I looked at what was worn throughout both the 1968 movie and the 1996 movie. I also looked through what was worn In the Victorian era which Is hat Romeo and Juliet Is said to have taken place In. I ended up making a dress which looks like what you would averagely seen during that era. For Gullets mother I did the same thing I Just used a pattern that was Just a bit different and a different material. I based her costume off what she would have worn at the party since she wasnt present during the balcony scene which I had used for both Romeo and Gullets costumes. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Costumes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Costumes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Costumes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture Essays

Communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture Essays Communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture Essay Communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture Essay Introduction According to many studies, cross-cultural problems have been some of the most integral and persistent issues that have influenced communications between various cultures. Due to the differences in culture of people, communication is usually proving to be hard and thus not effective. Communication barriers, therefore, are manifest and renders communication between two cultures difficult. Culture is the way we view the world and the set of beliefs by certain people (Varner Beamer, 1995). Various barriers hinder communication between the two cultures-Ghana and Chinese. This research paper seeks to analyze three examples of the barriers from the perspective of cross-cultural communication theory. If ineffective communication occurs between different cultures, it is based on the fact that the communicators dont acknowledge the values of the different cultures. Cross-Cultural Communication theory This theory essentially posits an understanding of how various people from different cultural backgrounds speak, convey information and perceive everything in their environs (Balsmeier Heck, 1994). Cross-Cultural Communication in this context refers to the communication between Chinese and Ghana (Varner Beamer, 1995). This theory is based on the value differences among cultures. The examples of communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture are inclusive of but not limited to Language differences, non-verbal misinterpretation, preconceptions and misunderstandings, high anxiety, assumptions of the similarities, discrimination, ethnocentrism, tone differences (Balsmeier Heck, 1994). Language barrier To begin with, language is one of the obvious hindrances to intercultural communications yet maybe not the most integral. Individuals who dont share a language or who feel that they have a poor command of someone elses dialect might have some troubles communicating and imparting. There is likewise the likelihood of false impressions happening between individuals when they dont share a typical dialect. However sharing a common dialect does not ensure understanding. Indeed, even speakers of the same dialect dont have the very same comprehension of the implications and meanings of words (Patel, Li Sooknanan, 2011). Moreover, a Chinese and a Ghanaian would have problems in communicating. The two individuals speak entirely different languages. Various ways in which dialect can be an obstruction to intercultural communications are also the problems of vocabulary, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual equivalences. The absence of vocabulary equivalence happens at the point when there are not words in one dialect that relate precisely to the meaning and importance of words in another language. It happens mainly with particular or extremely illustrative words. Take for instance when a letter written in by a Ghanaian in English to be translated into Chinese with a sentence that reads I wonder if you will set an agenda and a meeting date for our meeting. In this case the word wonder is used as a courteous method of requesting for information from the Chinese on the agenda of the meeting and meeting date, when translated into Chinese it means an entirely different things. It means doubt. When translate d it waters down the courtesy (Patel, Li Sooknanan, 2011). The sentence would thus read I doubt if you will set an agenda and meeting date for our meeting. For this situation, a sentence that means well can result in a great conflict due to the offensive meaning (Phipps, 2013). In several cases, when a Ghanaian speaker communicates in English to a Chinese and uses idiomatic expressions it causes confusion. Even though English is not a native language for both, one individual may be well informed with the idiomatic expressions like a native speaker. Take, for instance, when one says kick the bucket, it means to die. In some cases, it may cause confusion when one of the individuals who comprehend its meaning uses it to express death to the other person who doesnt understand its meaning (Phipps, 2013). Another issue is that of experiential equivalence as mentioned earlier. There are experiences that exist in Chinese culture that do not exist in one Ghanaian culture. This makes them hard to interpret into the dialect of Ghana. For example, the Chinese idea of guanxi has no exact English equivalent in spite of the fact that it has connotations that can be communicated in English words, for example, relationship, association, commitment and reliance (Large, 1983). Conceptual equivalence, on the other hand, becomes a setback for communication if notions or concepts are not well comprehended in similar ways in various cultures. Ghanaians have different concepts of some fundamental and contemporary issues in a way that may appear to be quite divergent as compared to how the Chinese understand the same (Large, 1983). Nonverbal Communication This entails communication without the use of the word by mouth, and it sometimes goes hand in hand with verbal communications to reinforce the meaning of the spoken word. Nonverbal correspondence can be an obstruction to intercultural correspondence between a Chinese and a Ghanaian (Olshin, 2006). Nonverbal communications mostly entail correspondence without words. Messages are sent through motions, gestures, eye contact, and assumptions in regards to time among others. These types of communications can be misinterpreted in most cases. Non-verbal is used in various ways in the two cultures to communicate. Similarly, there is a close similarity of their uses in the two cultures in question. In the Ghana context, most of the non-verbal styles are used to send messages that may be uncomfortable to speak. On the other side, it may be disrespectful to do the same in the Chinese culture. It, therefore, presents the state of confusion for the two to speak in nonverbal skills (Kelley, 1975). Gestures and eye contact have powerful meanings in both cultures. Additionally, there are differences of interpretation of deep indulgence in eye contact by the two cultures. In Ghana, it is a sigh of respect while in Chinese context it may render one restless as it may not be a sign of courtesy. This is a major setback for the two cultures as far as communication is concerned. Silence also has a difference in meaning in the two cultures, and this is a setback for cross-cultural communications (Kelley, 1975). For the Chinese, silence in a conversation means a lot of respect especially if it is from a younger person to an elderly while in Ghana it means shyness and maybe inadequate interest in the conversation. It is another element of cross-cultural communication barrier as the theory stipulates. Another aspect of non-verbal in cross-cultural communication barrier is the touch element. In Chinese culture, it is believed that strangers are not to be greeted and touched, while it is pointless in Ghana. Ethnocentrism It is very normal for one brought up in Ghana to have the values of the community he or she is brought up in, likewise to one brought up in China. It is because of the way the two individuals brought up in these cultures interact and learn from them. Ethnocentrism is the belief of one in his or her culture. It is the sense of focusing on ones own culture in everything one pursues. It is clearly a setback in cross-cultural communications since it offers the basis of one judging other cultures and rendering them to be inferior (Bi et al., 2012). Chinese would have difficulty and challenges in communicating with a Ghanaian if both parties do not have a sense of cross-cultural tolerance towards each other. For example, a Chinese working in Ghana would feel inferior if a Ghanaian looks down upon him (Olshin, 2006). Ethnocentrism, in this case, promotes superiority in the Ghanaian who believes that his culture is superior to the Chinese culture.;This kind of attitude in the Ghanaian affects cross-cultural communication between the Ghanaian and the Chinese (Bi et al., 2012). Strategies on How to Overcome Barriers to Intercultural Communication Today, the world is acknowledged to have become a global village where people communicate from time to time and from place to place irrespective of their location. Also, due to technological advancement, many people from different walks of life have had the opportunity to move from one location to another. The Chinese have been to Ghana due to work related reasons and other reasons. Similar, to Ghanaians, who have found their way to China for one reason or another. As this takes place, the challenges and issues of dealing with cultural differences and utilizing the potential advantages of the diversities become immense. The differences that exist across various cultures have a significant impact on the intercultural communications. It is, therefore, prudent to put strategies that would help reduce and or eliminate the intercultural barriers to communications. Overcoming Language Barrier Speaking slowly and clearly is a way to overcome the language barrier. It entails pronouncing words clearly and profoundly to a party whose first language is not necessarily English. It is advisable to limit loudness in speaking as this merely implies rudeness in most of the cultures like the mentioned above. Speaking in plain language without the use of idiomatic expressions would also help a great deal in making communications clear and precise. Using simple words and avoiding unnecessary information: In this situation, one should use short, simple sentences to disseminate information. Using lengthy explanations usually makes intercultural communication difficult. It even makes it more complicated to use hard, and unnecessary difficult words to explain things. It is also a good strategy to check the meaning of words before using them. It is not prudent to assume the meaning of certain words without considering the context of the other culture. Practicing Active listening This is a proven effective strategy for improving cross-cultural communication.;It is a technique that entails restating the other speakers sentiments to ensure that one grasp and understand their meaning and also, asking regular questions. This method facilitates cross-cultural communication by ensuring that necessary information is understood too. Paying attention to Cultural assumptions If a person travels to a foreign nation, it is quite challenging to cope with the differences that exist in the nonverbal and verbal communications. It is, therefore, advised that when conversing with someone from another culture, one should avoid slang, jokes and or references that could be confusing and misleading to a non-local speaker. Exercising Patience Quite often than not, Cross-cultural communication takes more time. It is the fact that communicating with a person from the same culture takes less time as compared to communicating with someone from a different culture. It is, therefore, of great help to each other when patience is employed while trying to achieve communication with a person from a different culture. Opting for Courteous formality when in doubt. This is the technique and strategy of adopting a polite language when not sure or confident of what to tell a foreigner. Take, for instance, The North American English speakers usually employ an unconventional tactic to talks, especially when they are in talks with a total stranger or addressing new acquaintance. The technique may be off-putting to a person who is from some other cultural setting. To guarantee that youre passing on a proper level of respect, utilize a more formal method of talking and slowly downsize the degree of a convention as the relationship develops. Avoiding Stereotypes For a successful cross-cultural communication, one needs to seek beyond ones background misconception and stereotypes. Stereotypes are usually common among various cultures; they have no grounds and no categorical basis in truth. Making assumptions and general stereotypes only serve to create distrust and create a barrier between the individuals from different cultural backgrounds thus affecting communications. It is noble to treat each and every person with dignity and in equal measure rather than just mere generalizations. Understanding of other peoples values, norms, beliefs free from a prejudicial point of view is fundamental in this essence. Conclusion Ghana and China have different cultural backgrounds. It is these differences in cultural backgrounds that render the two cultures quite different (Olshin, 2006). Communication between two individuals from these two cultures as depicted in this research indicates that there exist various barriers that hinder effective correspondence. These barriers, as seen, are due to the differences as perceived by each from a particular culture. However, several strategies exist that can be put in place to curb and or reduce these barriers to manageable levels as discussed in this research paper above. Cross-cultural communication barriers are thus tackled successfully to achieve a mutual benefit between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. References Balsmeier, P., Heck, A. (1994). Crosscultural Communication. Cross Cultural Management, 1(2), 13-21. Bi, X., Gunessee, S., Hoffmann, R., Hui, W., Larner, J., Ma, Q., Thompson, F. (2012). Chinese consumer ethnocentrism: A field experiment. Journal Of Consumer Behaviour, 11(3), 252-263. Kelley, M. (1975). Non-Verbal and Verbal Communication. The English Journal, 64(1), 72. Large, J. (1983). The foreign-language barrier. London: A. Deutsch. Olshin, B. (2006). Debating the authentic: an outsiders view of West African culture in Ghana. Journal Of Philosophy And Culture, 1(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jpc.v1i2.36449 Patel, F., Li, M., ; Sooknanan, P. (2011). Intercultural communication. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Phipps, A. (2013). Intercultural ethics: questions of methods in language and intercultural communication. Language And Intercultural Communication, 13(1), 10-26. Varner, I., ; Beamer, L. (1995). Intercultural communication in the global workplace. Chicago: Irwin.

International Systems Corporatin Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Systems Corporatin - Case Study Example The most significant problems that are affecting the plant include, material cost and a bad co-ordination between Research & Development people and Production engineers. Repeated design changing is making the overall cost higher. Had been designs coming from R & D section go directly for production without any more rectification, cost would have lowered. There is a dispute between R & D and Production peoples. One is blaming the other, which forces me to incorporate one special investigation team to govern actually where the conflict is. One design after coming to Production section does not reserves the right to be changed without proper notification to me. According to the notice sent by Employee & Community Relation Manager, we need to hire women and people of color very soon and make sure a higher percentage will be recruited into Production section which requires more effective manpower. Nothing is born perfect. We have to give the color of perfection. Question is not how effective we are, rather question is how much more we have to be. There must be a good relation among the people in the department as well as within various departments. After getting sure that design is complete and may rule over the market then only materials should be purchased. Otherwise it's immaterial to periodically purchase and change the model structure. To set up good relationship, weekly meetings will be organized where all the in- charges of various sections may come with their ambiguities and questions if any. Other than this, picnic party, cultural activities will help the employees to intermingle. As Baker and Baker is interested for our model 80, so production engineers must do their work to make the product available as soon as possible. After that only other models and multi channel digital system will be carried out. As we are hiring people, later on works can be split up. The product whose design is about to complete; before going to production department, requisites must be sent to material management people. If after purchasing any such modification is required, it should be done showing valid cause before me. Finally, instead of maintaining own records department heads are requested to provide necessary information to the finance authority. Response to Robert Strauss We all know that company is running above the projected expenditure for last few months especially due to higher material cost. I have understood the actual reason behind it. It has been decided, next time onwards prior to sending the design to production department, a list of required materials will be given to your department. And also designers/production peoples are not allowed to change the design so easily ensuring proper utilization of the resources purchased. Model 95 will be told to stall for a moment till model 80 gets done. Another discussion I want to make with you regarding the materials that remain unutilized due to the changing of designs. We will check if

Research proposal on the effects on a child when a parent has a Essay

Research proposal on the effects on a child when a parent has a dpressive illness - Essay Example To get a need satisfied, a boy or girl has to pay heed to the instruction or advice of a father. Such type of feeble relationship between a father and kids does not impact any significant effect, when the father gets mentally ill. The additional load of caring on the mothers’ part in such cases is negligibly nil, since during normal lifestyle the load on the part of a mother is considerably greater than that of a father. But when a mother gets mental depression and related psychic problems, the entire scenario is different. This is because normal role of a mother consists of several attitudes, actions and attachments in nursing the children. The impact on the kids of a mother becoming mentally insane is enormously big and is very complex in diagnosis and treatment. The effects of such insanity of a mother also vary on boys and girls. A mother’s insanity creates a very strong psychological vacuum in a boy, changing entirely the mould of the boy’s character. But the effect on a girl is purely pragmatic with minimum psychological break. The girls are naturally practical in their attitude. Hence, the impact of the mother’s illness especially mental illness fades after certain period of time, leaving behind a few traces of the effect of the mental depression. On becoming an adult woman, she considers her mother’s depression-caused ill effects as the due share of the latterâ₠¬â„¢s earlier deeds and accepts the whole past as such. Long back in 1979, Marjorie Fiske has ascribed certain factors to the depressive illness of a mother. According to Majorie, most of the middle-aged women had willingly or reluctantly adopted a ‘receptive-nurturing’ form of behavior. Women exhibit this type of behavior at least until the end of child rearing period. Although it fits in some cases and does not fit in some other cases, the activities of women are

Design of Automated Biomass Gasifier

Design of Automated Biomass Gasifier ABSTRACT: Biomass gasifiers have found a promising place in renewable energy resource field. Even then, these gasifiers are facing lots of practical difficulties on operational effectiveness due to shortage of man power. So small scale biomass gasifier is fabricate and further the fuel feeding system and switching functions (On/Off Operations) are also changed by means of automation. Bucket conveyors are used to feed the fuel from the reservoir to the pre-storage chamber. The fuel will be fed in equal intervals of time to maintain constant level of fuel in the reactor. The level of the fuel in pre-storage chamber can be checked by means of level sensors. Ignition of the gasifier is also automated using a special ignition set up. All these automations are achieved by using microcontrollers, sensors and limit switches. Keywords: Biomass gasifier, automation, conveyor, microcontrollers. I. INTRODUCTION: Biomass gasifier has evolved in different aspects for more than three decades. Many improvements were made in biomass gasifiers. The rectifications of the flaws found in the gasifiers were sorted out; researched and good results were obtained. Highly efficient biomass gasifiers of different type are in existence at present. Even then there are many problems to overcome in order to make the biomass gasifier further more efficient. The main challenging factors to make the biomass gasifiers highly efficient both cost wise performance wise are as follows, (i)Gasification is quite complex and sensitive process. (ii)Due to the continuous working of the system it requires the repeated refueling. (iii)The removal of residues such as ash and other residues is taking more time.(iv)The formation of producer gas is very easy, but getting the proper state is very difficult.(v)Man power is needed for fueling, igniting and monitoring. Thus resulting in expenditure for safety aspects of human resources, which makes it cost inefficient the system. (vi)Toxicity of producer gas is also a major problem which affects the humans. Amongst all the problems faced, the major problems falls in a category of need for automation. The automation can be done in any type of biomass gasifier. This paper focuses on automating downdraft gasifier in particular. The concept of automation of the biomass gasifier started from the year of 1980 by â€Å"Bil finger industrial automation services†. Various up-gradations and the changes are brought into practice after the middle of 1990’s the automation of gasifier is still being debated for further improvements. A. Automation of the Gasifier Using Microcontroller Energy systems that rely upon biomass fuel are often very complex due to the need for the systems to integrate fuel handling, combustion control, and ash removal. Automation of biomass gasifier is capable of offering a wide range of solutions to suit these needs. These are achieved by utilizing a variety of PLC and SCADA systems at present [1]. Even though PLC SCADA finds a promising place in automation of biomass gasifier [1] there were few disadvantages like highly expensive system for being installed in small scale and medium scale gasification unit skilled workers with deep knowledge about these controlling system are needed. Hence this paper mainly focuses on automation of then gasifier from small scale to large scale unit. This can be achieved by automate the gasifiers using microcontroller. A Microcontroller is a digital computer on a single chip but usually runs for performing a dedicated task. It has CPU, memory, timers, Parallel Serial I/O and peripherals, counters and clock circuit. The primary operation of a microcontroller is performed by using a fixed program that is stored in the ROM. Because of absence of CPU, RAM, ROM, Peripherals all embedded on a single chip in microprocessor, microcontroller has a greater advantage over it. This in turn reduces the size of the application and cost. It consumes low power because it operates at low frequencies and so it is fit for durable application. II. DESIGN OF AUTOMATED GASIFIER: Downdraft gasifier, the upper cylindrical part of gasifier acts as a collection device for wood chips or other biomass fuel [4]. The downdraft gasifier is shown in Fig. 1. Below this cylindrical part of gasifier, there is a radially directed air nozzle that permits air to be drawn in to the raw material, so they become gasified. Before the pyrolyzing of biomass it contacts with atmospheric air, char and support a flame. It rapidly consumes limited air supply for getting richer flame in the pyrolysis zone. At the final stage of pyrolysis zone, the gases consist mostly of C ­o, H2o, Co2 and CH4 [5]. The throat ensures that the gaseous products pass through the hottest zone where most of the tar cracked into gaseous hydrocarbon. Thus produces relatively clean gas. A. Components of gasifier: All the components of downdraft gasifier are designed in soildworks software. Main components of automated downdraft gasifier and their design are described below. 1. Hopper: The purpose of a hopper is to store the biomass for continuous feed to reaction chamber. It is mounted above the reactor of gasifier. The fuel storage hopper is made up of 4mm thick mild steel. The diameter and height of fuel hopper is chosen to be 220mm and 550mm respectively [2]. Round shaped hopper has been chosen to prevent the problem of biomass being stuck. 2. Gasification Zone: This is the main component of gasifier. The main reaction of gasification like oxidation, reduction and distillation takes place in this zone. It is in the shape of vertical convergent and divergent nozzle (from top to bottom direction) and made by 3mm thick mild steel. Upper diameter of divergent section is 100mm and the lower diameter is of 220mm with 100mm height respectively [2]. 3. Outer Cylinder: A cylinder is made to cover the whole gasification assembly. The height and diameter of cylinder are 220mm and 250mm respectively [2]. B. Components of automated gasifier: The components of automated gasifier and their design are described below. 1. Pre-storage chamber: A pre storage chamber is made to store the fuel after the fuel bunker and before the combustion chamber. The height and diameter of cylinder are 200mm and 300mm respectively. 500mm length door frame is placed on the top of cylinder, same 500mm length door frame placed on the bottom of the cylinder. And 250mm outer diameter and 220mm inner diameter flange. 8 holes of 10mm diameter are drilled in the plates to join the hopper and pre-storage chamber with the help of nut and bolts. 2. Pre – Storage Door with lead screw: A pre-storage door with lead screw is placed inside of the door frame. It is used to avoid the atmospheric air to inside the combustion zone. The length, breadth and thickness of door are 300mm, 210mm and 2mm respectively. And the Diameter, Length, Pitch and Thread height of lead screw are 19mm, 320mm, 6mm and 3mm respectively. The Diameter, Length, Pitch and Thread height of box nut are inner diameter- 20mm, outer diameter- 40mm, 35mm, 6mm and 3mm respectively. The door is placed on the top of cylinder, same door frame placed on the bottom of the cylinder. 3. Fuel bunker with conveyor system: A fuel bunker with conveyor is made to store the fuel in the fuel bunker and convey the fuel from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber (Bucket conveyors were used in the system) [3]. The height, length and width of fuel bunker are 400mm, 450mm and 450mm respectively. And the conveyor is placed inside of the fuel bunker another end is placed on the top of the pre-storage chamber. C. Assembling of automated gasifier: In order to assemble the gasifier components, first of all water tank is placed on the stand and the gasifier is placed inside the tank. Now the pre-storage chamber is placed to top of the hopper and join with the help of nut and bolts. And the fuel bunker with conveyor is placed on the stand one end of the conveyor is fixed inside of the fuel bunker and another side of the conveyor is fixed on the top of the pre-storage tank with help of bolts and nuts. The schematic of automated gasifier unit is shown in fig. 1. Fig.1. Schematic of automated gasifier unit III. COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEM A. Microcontroller kit: Microcontroller kit is used to control the sequence of operation in this system, like door open close, conveyor system on/off, igniter on/off, blower on/off. These operations are control by according to the sequence of operation. B. Sensors: IR proximity sensor is act as a level sensor. The level of the fuel in pre-storage chamber can be checked by means of level sensors. It can able to sense the nearby objects without any disturbance of the sensed object. It does not have any mechanical parts and also lack of direct contact between sensed object and sensor. So it has high durability and high reliability. C. Motors: Motor is used to drive the conveyor system and door open close operations. These are controlled by microcontroller kit. D. Limit switches: Limit switch is a device which converts mechanical motion in to electric signal. It is operated by physical contact of the object. In this system limit switches are used to control the door open close system. Fig.2. Automated small scale gasifier unit IV. SEQUENCE OF OPERATION Flow chart for sequence of operation Starting process Continuous process If the fuel level comes down in the hopper B. Flow chart description: Starting process: Step 1: set the feeding time interval in the microcontroller kit (using adjustable time regulator). Step 2: press the press button to start the process. Step 3: door 1will be open (using motor limit switch). Step 4: conveyor on fuel is taken from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber. Step 5: if the fuel attains the maximum level in pre-storage chamber, the conveyor system will be cut off (using sensor to check the level of fuel in pre-storage chamber). Step 6: After these door 1will be close. Step 7: And then door 2 open. The fuel comes from pre-storage chamber to hopper. Step 8: After 25 sec door 2 will be close. Step 9: repeat from step 1 to step 6 another one time for filling the hopper (this repeating process is adjustable in the program. it depends upon the fuel). Step 10: After this process air blower will be on (for creating pressure in the gasification zone). Step 11: After 1min igniter will be on (using automatic igniter). Continuous process: The continuous process will happen for every equal interval. The time interval is adjustable (before start the whole process to set the time interval depends up on the fuel characteristics). Step 1: door 1 open. Step 2: conveyor on fuel is taken from fuel banker to pre-storage chamber. Step 3: if the fuel will be attain maximum level in pre storage. The conveyor system will be cut off. Step 4: door 1 close. Step 5: door 2 open. The fuel comes to hopper. Step 6: After 25 sec door 2 will be close V. CONCLUSION Thus the small scale biomass gasifier was designed and fabricated with automatic controls. This gasifier is initiated with the manual feeding of biomass in the Fuel bunker, set the equal time interval for feeding from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber and press the push button to start process there after the entire process like fuel feeding system, ignition system, switching functions (On/Off Operations), equal interval of feeding was automated using microcontroller, sensors, limit switches and motors. In future to develop the gasifier in fully automatic mode, to controlling and monitoring the gasifier parameters like temperature, pressure, air flow rate and gas flow rate etc. And also implement this automation in large scale gasfiers.

Are Cell Phones Necessary in Teen’s Lives? Essay

I believe that cell phones are necessary in teen’s lives for the following three reasons. Firstly, they are a good social way to keep in contact with friends and family. Secondly, they are a fast and easy emergency resource. Thirdly, cell phones are an easy way to access the internet and they are entertainment to teens. Firstly, I believe that cell phones are a good social way to keep in contact with friends and family for the following three reasons. A lot of teen’s need to keep in touch with their family and friends so they can know whether or not they have anything after school. Having a cell phone makes it easy for teen’s to talk to their friends and family on any day at any time. Lastly, if there is a sudden change with any plans they have, having a cell phone makes it easy to keep in contact. Therefore, for those reasons I believe cell phones are necessary in teens lives. Secondly, I believe that cell phones are a fast and easy emergency resource for teens for the following three reasons. One of the reasons is if there is an emergency at home if is easy to get in contact with their kids. Another reason is sometime when teenagers are walking home alone and they feel as if they were being followed they sometimes pretend to act as if they were on talking to someone. Lastly, sometimes teenagers leave their school work at home they can easily text or call their parents and get them to bring their project to them. Therefore, for those reasons I believe cell phones are necessary in teen’s lives. Lastly, I believe that cell phone are an easy way to access internet and are entertainment for teens. One of the reasons is that cell phones have easy access to social networking sites. Sites like Facebook and Twitter can be used very accessible anywhere you go. Another reason is most phones have an application world, which allows them to pick from thousands of different applications to customize their phone. Lastly, with Wifi you can use the internet to go on any site at any time. Therefore, that is another reason why I believe cell phones are necessary in teens lives. In conclusion, I believe that cell phones are necessary in teen’s lives for the following three reasons. Firstly, they are a good social way to keep in contact with friends and family. Secondly, they are a fast and easy emergency resource. Thirdly, cell phones are an easy way to access the internet and they are entertainment to teens.

Study Case

CHAPTER 2I HUI4AN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 903 Case Office Equipment Company (OEC) director (a U. S. national) of the office Equipment Company (oEc) in Lima, Peru (see Map 2l . l), announced suddenly that he would leave within one month. The company had to find a replacement. OEC manufactures a wide variety of small office 1997, the managing ln equipment (such as copying machines, recording machines, mail scales, and paper shredders) in eight different countries and distributes and sells products worldwide. lt has no manufacturing facilities in Peru but has been selling and servicing there since the early 1970s.OEC first tried selling in Peru through independent importers but quickly became convinced that in order to make sufficient sales it needed to have its own staffthere. Despite Peru's political turmoil, which at times has bordered on being a full-scale civil war, OEC'S operation there (with about 100 employees) has enjoyed good and improving sales and profitability. OEC is construct ing its first factory in Peru that is scheduled to begin operations in early 1999. This factory will import components for personal computer printers and assemble them locally.Peru offers an abundant supply of cheap labor, and the assembly oPeration will employ approximately 150 people. The government will allow up to I0 percent of the output to be sold locally. By assembling locally and then exporting, oEC expects to be able to ward off trade restrictions on the other office equipment it imports for sale within Peru. This plant! construction is being supervised by a U. S. rechnical ream, and a U. S. expatriate will be assigned to direct the production. This director will report directly to OEC's U. S. eadquarters on all production and quality-control matrers but will rePort to the managing director in Peru on all other matters, such as accounting, finance, and labor relations. OEC, by policy, will replace the exiting managing director with an internal candidate. The company employs a combination of home-, host-, and third-country nationals in top positions in foreign countries, and managers commonly rotate among foreign and U. S. locations. ln fact, it has been increasingly evident to OEC that international experience is an important factor in deciding who will be appointed to top corporate positions.The sales and service facility in Peru reports to a Latin American regional office located in Coral Gables, Florida. A committee at this office, charged with selecting the new managing direc- tor, quickly narrowed its choice to five candidates. Tom A thirty-year OEC veteran, Zimmerman is well versed in all the technical and sales aspects required in the job. He has never worked abroad for OEC but has visited various of the company's foreign facilities as part of sales teams. He is consid- Zimmerman ered competent and will retire in about four and a half years.Neither he nor his wife speaks Spanish. Their children are grown and living with their own children in th e United States. Zimmerman currently is in charge of an operation that is aboutthe size of that in Peru after the new factory begins operating. However, Zimmerman's present position will become redundant because the operation he heads is being merged with another. Brett Harrison Harrison, 40, has spent fifteen years at OEC. Considered highly compehas tent and capable of moving into upper-level management within the next few years, he 904 PART 7 FUNCTIONAL I'. ANAGEI'1 ENT, OPERATIONS. AND CONCERNS PERU Population 22. 3 million Monetary unit New sol Major languages Span ish Quech ua Aymara Largest city Lima Major industrial areas Arequipa Chimbote Cuzco lquitos Lima Talara Map 2l. l Peru never been based abroad but has worked for the last three years in the Latin American regional office and frequently travels to Latin America. Both he and his wife speak Spanish adequately, and their two children, ages I 4 and I 5, are just beginning to study the His wife holds a responsible marketin g position with a pharmaceuticals company.Carolyn language. Moyer Moyer joined OEC twelve years ago after getting her MBA from a pres- tigious university. 4t37, she has already moved between staffand line positions of growing responsibility. For two years, she was second in command of a product group that was aboutthe size of the newly expanded one in Peru. Her performance in that. postwas considered excellent. Currently, she works on a planning staffteam. When she joined OEC, she indicated her interest in eventual international responsibilities because of her undergraduate major in international affairs.She has recently expressed interest in international duties because of a belief it will help her advancement. She speaks Spanish well and is unmarried. Francisco Cabrera Cabrera, 35, currently is an assistant managing director in the larger Mexican operation, which produces and sells for the Mexican market. A Mexican cit- for OEC in Mexico for all his twelve years with the company. He holds an MBA from a Mexican university and is considered to be a likely candidate to head the Mexican operation when the present managing diiector retires in seven years. He is married with four children (ages 2 to 7) and speaks English adequately.His wife does not work izen, he has worked outside the home or speak English. CHAPTER 2I HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 905 Juan Moreno At27, Moreno is assistant to the present managing director in Peru. He has held that position since joining OEC upon his U. S. college graduation four years ago. Unmarried, he is considered competent, especially in employee relations, but lacking in experience. He had been successful in increasing OEC's sales, in part because he is well connected with local families who can afford to buy new office equipment for their businesses. Questions l.Which candidate should ihe committee choose for the assignment, and whyl 2. What problems might each candidate encounter in the position? 3. 4. How might OEC go about mi nimizing the problems that each candidate would have in managing the Peruvian operations? Calculate an estimated compensation package for each candidate based on the following additional inf6rmation: Present annual salaries: Zimmerman, U5$70,000; Harrison, US$75,000; Moyer, US$65,000; Cabrera, M$ I 24,000; Moreno, 557,000 a Exchange rates: $ I: M$3. 1 (Mexican pesos);$ I: S 1. 9 (Peruvian new sols) o f income for a family of one, 40 percent for a family of two, 45 percent for a family of four, and 50 percent for a family of five or more: Washington, D. C. : 100; Lima : 86;Mexico City :77 U. S. Department, of State foreign-service premiums for Peru: hardship : l5 percent; danger: l5 percent U. S. Department of State cost-of-living index based on items covering 35 percent a a o Schooling allowance: age 6-12 : US$5000;age 3-18 : US$9000 Average tax rates: Mexico : 20 percenq United States : 25 percent; Peru : I Housing allowance (nontaxable): single : US$ 12,100;family : US$ 15,000 0 p ercent Chapter Notes l. The data for the case were taken from Edwin McDowell, â€Å"Making lt in America: The Foreign-Born Executive,† New York Times, June I, 1980, Section 3, p. l+; Don Whitehead, The Dow Story (New York McGraw-Hill, I968); â€Å"Lundeen Urges More Aid for Universities,† Chemrcal Marlceting Reporter, Yol. 224, No. 19, November 7, 1983, p. 3+;Paul L. Blocklyn, â€Å"Developing the lnternational Executive,† Personnel, Vol. 66, March 1989, pp. September 14,1992, p. 5; â€Å"Popoffon Challenges for Dow and for the lndusvy|' Chemical Wee( May 18, 1994, pp. 26-28; and Susan J.Sinsworth, â€Å"lssues Management ls Central to Frank Popoff's Globalization Strategy,† Chemlcol Engineering News, Vol. 72, No. 21, May 23, 1994, pp. 25–29. 2. Gary R. Oddou and Mark E. Mendenhall, â€Å"Succession Planning for the 2 l st Cen- European Management lournol, Yol. I 4, No. 4, August 1996, pp. 365-373. 4. â€Å"Globesmanship,† Across the Board , Yol. 27, Nos. l, 2, January-February 1990, p. 26, quoting Michael Angus. 5. Daniel Ondrack, â€Å"lnternational Transfers of Managers in North American and European MNEs,† Journol of lnternailonol Business Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3, Fall 1985, pp. l-19;andJohn M.Hannon, lngChung Huang, and Bih-Shiaw Jaw, â€Å"lnternational Human Resource Strategy and Its Determinants: The Case of Subsidiaries in Taiwan,†Journal of lnternotionol Business Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, Third Quarter 1995, pp. 53 l-554. 4447; â€Å"Globesmanship,† Across the Boor4 Vol. 27, Nos. l,2,January-February 1990, pp. 24-34;William Storck, â€Å"Dow Chemical Changes Executive Lineup,† Chemical ond Engineering News, tury: How Well Are We Grooming Our Future Business Leadersl† Business Horizons, January-February I 99 I, pp. 26-34. 3. Gordon Petrash, â€Å"Dow's Journey to a Knowledge Value Management Culture,†